From 1949 to 1958, Chinese scientific associations, including the All-China Federation of Natural Science Societies and the All-China Association for Science Popularization, acted as one of diplomatic canal to unite potential partners and fight opponents among the isolation around the world.
There were three modes of transnational activities to resist the isolation. The first was academic communication involved with diplomatic purposes, including guiding scientists to follow Soviet scientific career and holding academic conferences of the World Federation of Scientific Workers. At the same time, these associations would intervene in international affairs related with science. For example, to facilitate Hsue-shen Tsien’s return, the All-China Federation of Natural Science Societies sent a crucial letter to the secretary general of the United Nations. Finally, when the regime was offended, these professional associations would represent Chinese scientists to deliver condemnations.
